HAT

• Beneish M-Score = 7.2179 (100th percentile among Vietnamese peers). The score combines multiple ratios intended to detect earnings manipulation; the company is at the top of the Vietnam peer distribution and the M-Score increased by +9.85 YoY, indicating material year-over-year movement in these signals. Note: the -1.78 US cutoff is not directly transferrable to Vietnam—percentile and trajectory are the more relevant cues here.
• DSRI (Days’ Sales Receivable Index) = 10.0000. DSRI measures whether receivables/sales are rising faster than sales (a very large value implies receivables or revenue recognition patterns that are highly unusual versus the prior year).
• TATA (Total Accruals to Total Assets) = 0.2676. TATA captures accruals-based earnings; a value this large suggests a substantial portion of reported profit is non-cash accruals.
• SGAI (Sales, General & Admin expense Index) = 1.4938. SGAI measures growth in SGA relative to sales; a near-50% increase relative to sales may reflect cost recognition timing or reclassifications that affect reported margins.
• Cash conversion (3-year operating cash flow / net profit) = -0.05 (21st percentile). Low/negative cash conversion indicates profits are not translating into operating cash, a classic earnings-quality concern.
• Receivables outside the trade cycle = 8.8% of total assets (78th percentile). This measure captures prepayments, loans receivable and other non-trade receivables; being in the upper quartile of peers suggests material non-trade asset exposure.
• Piotroski F-Score = 3/9. The F-Score components suggest weak fundamentals (earnings/efficiency/liquidity signals are below the stronger end of the distribution).

• Altman Z-Score = 6.33 (safe zone). The Z-Score indicates significant distance from bankruptcy risk under Altman’s model.
• Revenue quality = 60.9/100. Among the earnings-quality components provided, revenue quality is relatively higher than other dimensions.
• No accumulated losses; owner's equity (excluding minority interest) is positive and the parent has not reported net loss in the most recent year (0 years of parent net loss up to FY2025).
• Statutory loss tests under Decree 155/2020 (amended) — none met. The audited annual statements do not meet the statutory thresholds that would trigger the specific exchange cancellation rule cited.

The listed parent BHN holds 60.0% (control). The company is part of a group in which BHN controls multiple operating subsidiaries (several with >50% stakes). Outside the parent, institutional and individual holdings are small (largest non-parent institutional 6.2%, two individuals ~5% each). This concentration implies group-control dynamics and related-party exposure consistent with Vietnamese group structures.

• Compare FY2025 trade receivables and the line(s) for 'loans to/from related parties', 'prepayments to suppliers' and 'other long-term receivables' in the notes to understand what composes the 8.8% of assets reported as receivables outside the trade cycle.
• Reconcile the components of operating cash flow (cash received from customers, cash paid to suppliers, changes in working capital) in the cash flow statement and the notes against reported net profit to explain the 3-year cash conversion ratio of -0.05.
• Review the accounting policies and note disclosures on revenue recognition and receivable provisioning to assess drivers of the DSRI = 10.0000 and the revenue quality score (60.9/100).
• Inspect related-party transaction schedules and the list of balances with subsidiaries/parent in the consolidated and parent-only statements (given BHN’s 60.0% ownership) to identify material intra-group receivables, prepayments or guarantees.